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The 2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami occurred on July 17 at along a subduction zone off the coast of west and central Java, a large and densely populated island in the Indonesian archipelago. | {
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The shock had a moment magnitude of 7.7 and a maximum perceived intensity of IV ("Light") in Jakarta, the capital and largest city of Indonesia. | {
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There were no direct effects of the earthquake's shaking due to its low intensity, and the large loss of life from the event was due to the resulting tsunami, which inundated a portion of the Java coast that had been unaffected by the earlier 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that was off the coast of Sumatra. | {
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The July 2006 earthquake was also centered in the Indian Ocean, from the coast of Java, and had a duration of more than three minutes. | {
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An abnormally slow rupture at the Sunda Trench and a tsunami that was unusually strong relative to the size of the earthquake were both factors that led to it being categorized as a tsunami earthquake. | {
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Several thousand kilometers to the southeast, surges of several meters were observed in northwestern Australia, but in Java the tsunami runups (height above normal sea level) were typically and resulted in the deaths of more than 600 people. | {
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Other factors may have contributed to exceptionally high peak runups of on the small and mostly uninhabited island of Nusa Kambangan, just to the east of the resort town of Pangandaran, where damage was heavy and a large loss of life occurred. | {
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Since the shock was felt with only moderate intensity well inland, and even less so at the shore, the surge arrived with little or no warning. | {
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Other factors contributed to the tsunami being largely undetected until it was too late and, although a tsunami watch was posted by an American tsunami warning center and a Japanese meteorological center, no information was delivered to people at the coast. | {
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The Battle of Santa Clara took place on 27 July 1927, during the American occupation of Nicaragua of 1926–1933. | {
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After being ambushed by Sandinista forces at the Battle of San Fernando, Major Oliver Floyd's expedition of American Marines and Nicaraguan Provisional Guardsmen continued its advance into enemy-held territory in northern Nicaragua. | {
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On the 27 July two American airplanes spotted forty Sandinistas waiting in ambush. | {
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The aircraft received fire from an enemy machine gun and a dive bombing raid ensued, with three bombs being dropped on the Nicaraguan rebels. | {
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The American aviators reported seeing six Sandinistas "dead or seriously wounded." | {
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Major Floyd's Marine and Provisional Guard expedition eventually reached the area one mile southeast of Santa Clara, where they were attacked by a force of between 60 and 120 (possibly up to 150) Sandinista insurgents who were armed with two machine guns. | {
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One of the machine guns was confirmed to be a Lewis gun and the other one was suspected of being one as well. | {
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The battle raged from 2:30 to 4:00, with the Sandinistas being eventually driven back. | {
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The American and Nicaraguan government forces didn't suffer any casualties, while five dead rebels were found on the battlefield. | {
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However, Augusto César Sandino would later admit to losing up to 60 men killed and wounded during the action (although this number may include the casualties from the air raid prior to the battle). | {
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Sandino had a tendency to greatly exaggerate numbers related to the battles during his rebellion, so this number of 60 is probably inaccurate. | {
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One young Sandinista, who was pretending to be dead, was captured, but later released. | {
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In addition to human losses, twelve of Sandino's animals were killed and eight were captured. | {
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The clash at Santa Clara, along with the previous battles at Ocotal and San Fernando (both of which also took place in July 1927) convinced Sandino to alter his tactics. | {
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According to author Neill Macaulay, "he would attack only when the odds were heavily in his favor-when he clearly had the advantages of surprise, cover, and superior firepower. | {
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Never again would he foolishly 'stand his ground,' nor would he try to redeem an attack that had hopelessly bogged down. | {
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Major Floyd might wage a 'blood and thunder campaign,' but Sandino would adopt the hit-and-run tactics of guerrilla warfare." | {
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After the Battle of Santa Clara, the Sandinistas fell back to "the jungles around El Chipote mountain," which was "ideal country for guerrilla warfare." | {
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"For other sieges with this name, see Siege of Pondicherry (disambiguation)" The Siege of Pondicherry was a colonial military operation in the early stages of the French Revolutionary Wars. | {
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Britain and France both controlled colonies on the Indian Subcontinent and when the French National Convention declared war on Britain on 1 February 1793, both sides were prepared for conflict in India. | {
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British India was centred on the principal ports of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta, administered by the East India Company. | {
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French India was governed from Pondicherry (modern Puducherry) on the Coromandel Coast. | {
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British forces in India were considerably stronger than the French, with the British Indian Army supported by British Army detachments and a Royal Navy squadron under Rear-Admiral William Cornwallis. | {
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Pondicherry's defenses were strong, but the garrison was too small to effectively man the walls, and although a French frigate squadron was stationed at the distant Île de France, it was unable to effectively protect the French Indian coast. | {
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News of the outbreak of war took five months to reach the Indian Ocean but British forces, recently engaged in the Third Anglo-Mysore War, were mobilised in preparation and immediately seized the ports of French India. | {
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Only Pondicherry was able to resist, and a siege was instigated on 1 August 1793 by Colonel John Braithwaite while Cornwallis imposed a naval blockade. | {
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British forces constructed trenches and batteries, often under heavy fire, over the following weeks. | {
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Twenty days after the city was cut off, Braithwaite began a bombardment of the defences. | {
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Within hours the French commander Colonel Prosper de Clermont requested a truce, followed the next morning by an unconditional surrender. | {
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The Battle of Leuthen was fought on 5 December 1757, at which Frederick the Great's Prussian army used maneuver and terrain to decisively defeat a much larger Austrian force commanded by Prince Charles of Lorraine and Count Leopold Joseph von Daun. | {
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The victory ensured Prussia control of Silesia during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War). | {
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The battle was fought at the Silesian town of Leuthen, northwest of Breslau. | {
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By exploiting the training of his troops and his superior knowledge of the terrain, Frederick created a diversion at one end of the battlefield, and moved most of his small army behind a series of low hillocks. | {
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The surprise attack in oblique order on the unsuspecting Austrian flank baffled Prince Charles; the Prince took several hours to realize that the main action was to his left, and not to his right. | {
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Within seven hours, the Prussians destroyed the Austrian force, erasing any advantage the Austrians had gained throughout the campaigning in the preceding summer and autumn. | {
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Within 48 hours, Frederick had laid siege to Breslau, which resulted in that city's surrender on 19–20 December. | {
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Leuthen was the last battle at which Prince Charles commanded the Austrian Army, before his sister-in-law, Empress Maria Theresa, appointed him as governor of the Habsburg Netherlands and placed Leopold Joseph von Daun in command of the army. | {
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The battle also established beyond doubt Frederick's military reputation in European circles; it was arguably his greatest tactical victory. | {
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After Rossbach (5 November), the French had refused to participate further in Austria's war with Prussia; and after Leuthen (5 December), Austria could not continue it by herself. | {
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The Glasgow St Enoch rail accident occurred on 27 July 1903. | {
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A train arriving at the St Enoch terminal station failed to stop in time and collided heavily with the buffer stop, sustaining severe damage. | {
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Sixteen people were killed and 27 injured. | {
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This was the worst buffer stop collision on British main line railways, though exceeded by the Moorgate tragedy on the London Underground. | {
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Collisions with buffer stops have frequently occurred over the years, the most recent fatal one in the UK being the London Cannon Street station rail crash in 1991. | {
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However, normally they occur at very low speed, less than 5 mph (8 km/h). | {
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The severity of the St Enoch accident was because the collision speed was as high as 15-20 mph (24-32 km/h). | {
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An inexperienced driver on a special train from Ardrossan was signalled into a platform that he did not realise was much shorter than the others, because it terminated short of the overall roof and well short of the main concourse. | {
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He approached with excess speed and braked too late. | {
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The solid masonry platform behind the buffer stops presented an immovable barrier and two coaches were completely telescoped. | {
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On the afternoon of 22 May 2013, a British Army soldier, Fusilier Lee Rigby of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, was attacked and killed by Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale near the Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich, southeast London. | {
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Rigby was off duty and walking along Wellington Street when he was attacked. | {
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{
"trigger": {
"text": "walking",
"start": 23,
"end": 30
... | [] |
Adebolajo and Adebowale ran him down with a car, then used knives and a cleaver to stab and hack him to death. | {
"json_structures": {
"Death": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "death",
"start": 104,
"end": 109
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Motion": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "ran",
"start": 24,
"end": 27
},
... | [] |
The men dragged Rigby's body into the road and remained at the scene until police arrived. | {
"json_structures": {
"Arriving": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "arrived",
"start": 82,
"end": 89
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Motion": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "dragged",
"start": 8,
"end": 15
},... | [] |
They told passers-by that they had killed a soldier to avenge the killing of Muslims by the British armed forces. | {
"json_structures": {
"Bearing_arms": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "armed",
"start": 100,
"end": 105
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Killing": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "killed",
"start": 35,
"end": 41
... | [] |
Unarmed police arrived at the scene nine minutes after an emergency call was received and set up a cordon. | {
"json_structures": {
"Arriving": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "arrived at",
"start": 15,
"end": 25
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Building": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "set up",
"start": 90,
"end": 96
... | [] |
Armed police officers arrived five minutes later. | {
"json_structures": {
"Arriving": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "arrived",
"start": 22,
"end": 29
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Bearing_arms": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "Armed",
"start": 0,
"end": 5
... | [] |
The assailants, armed with a cleaver and brandishing a gun, charged at the police, who fired shots that wounded them both. | {
"json_structures": {
"Bodily_harm": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "wounded",
"start": 104,
"end": 111
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Body_movement": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "brandishing",
"start": 41,
"en... | [] |
They were apprehended and taken to separate hospitals. | {
"json_structures": {
"Know": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "apprehended",
"start": 10,
"end": 21
},
"arguments": []
}
]
}
} | [] |
Adebolajo and Adebowale are British of Nigerian descent, were raised as Christians, and converted to Islam. | {
"json_structures": {
"Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "raised",
"start": 62,
"end": 68
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Change": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "converted",
"start": 88,
... | [] |
On 19 December 2013, both of the attackers were found guilty of Rigby's murder. | {
"json_structures": {
"Attack": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "attackers",
"start": 33,
"end": 42
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Know": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "found",
"start": 48,
"end": 53
},
... | [] |
On 26 February 2014, they were sentenced to life imprisonment, with Adebolajo given a whole life order and Adebowale ordered to serve at least 45 years. | {
"json_structures": {
"Arranging": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "order",
"start": 97,
"end": 102
},
"arguments": []
},
{
"trigger": {
"text": "ordered",
"start": 117,
"end": 124
},
"arguments... | [] |
The attack was condemned by political and Muslim leaders in the United Kingdom and in the international press. | {
"json_structures": {
"Attack": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "attack",
"start": 4,
"end": 10
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Committing_crime": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "condemned",
"start": 15,
"end": 24
... | [] |
The Siege of Bayonne was launched by Alfonso the Battler, King of Aragon and Navarre, apparently against the Duke of Aquitaine, William X, and lasted from October 1130 to October 1131. | {
"json_structures": {
"Process_end": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "lasted",
"start": 143,
"end": 149
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Process_start": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "launched",
"start": 25,
"end": ... | [] |
The city of Bayonne was then a part of Aquitaine, nominally a part of France. | {
"json_structures": {}
} | [] |
The chief narrative source for the siege of Bayonne is the "Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris", a contemporary account of events in Spain compiled to celebrate the feats of Alfonso VII of León and Castile. | {
"json_structures": {
"Besieging": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "siege",
"start": 35,
"end": 40
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Social_event": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "celebrate",
"start": 146,
"end": 155
... | [] |
The siege began with knights, infantry, and siege engines and included the plundering of the environs of the city and assaults on its walls. | {
"json_structures": {
"Besieging": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "siege",
"start": 44,
"end": 49
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Cause_to_be_included": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "included",
"start": 62,
"end"... | [] |
The arrival of a relief army led to a famous joust and the prolongation of the siege. | {
"json_structures": {
"Arriving": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "arrival",
"start": 4,
"end": 11
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Besieging": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "siege",
"start": 79,
"end": 84
}... | [] |
The siege was a failure, and was lifted after Alfonso had made his famous last will and testament. | {
"json_structures": {
"Besieging": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "siege",
"start": 4,
"end": 9
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Manufacturing": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "made",
"start": 58,
"end": 62
... | [] |
The primary sources are insufficient to fully explain the purposes behind Alfonso's siege, but historians are unanimous in attributing his actions to his ongoing conflict with his western neighbour, Alfonso VII, hero of the aforementioned "Chronica". | {
"json_structures": {
"Besieging": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "siege",
"start": 84,
"end": 89
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Hostile_encounter": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "conflict",
"start": 162,
"end": ... | [] |
The latter had concluded an alliance with Alfonso's eastern neighbour, Raymond Berengar III of Barcelona, by marrying his daughter, Berengaria, in 1127. | {
"json_structures": {
"Forming_relationships": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "marrying",
"start": 109,
"end": 117
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Process_end": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "concluded",
"start": 15,
... | [] |
This may have prompted Alfonso to make an attack on Raymond's allies north of the Pyrenees in an effort to scuttle Raymond's political aspirations there, for Raymond was an ally of the Duke of Aquitaine. | {
"json_structures": {
"Causation": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "prompted",
"start": 14,
"end": 22
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Manufacturing": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "make",
"start": 34,
"end": 38
... | [] |
At the same time the Count of Toulouse, Alfonso Jordan, had done homage to Alfonso VII upon his succession in 1126. | {
"json_structures": {
"Body_movement": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "homage",
"start": 65,
"end": 71
},
"arguments": []
}
]
}
} | [] |
In March that year, with Suero Vermúdez, he had even taken the capital city of León from some rebels holding out in favour of an illegitimate half-brother of Alfonso VII, one of the sons of his mother, Queen Urraca, and her lover, Pedro González de Lara. | {
"json_structures": {
"Creating": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "taken",
"start": 53,
"end": 58
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Defending": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "holding",
"start": 101,
"end": 108
... | [] |
Urraca's second, childless marriage was to Alfonso the Battler. | {
"json_structures": {
"Forming_relationships": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "marriage",
"start": 27,
"end": 35
},
"arguments": []
}
]
}
} | [] |
For a period of over a decade the two had been engaged in a civil war for power in Castile and León. | {
"json_structures": {
"Forming_relationships": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "engaged",
"start": 47,
"end": 54
},
"arguments": []
}
]
}
} | [] |
With the death of Urraca, Alfonso VII, her son by an earlier marriage, succeeded to her position as primary rival of Alfonso the Battler for the rule of these two kingdoms. | {
"json_structures": {
"Forming_relationships": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "marriage",
"start": 61,
"end": 69
},
"arguments": []
}
]
}
} | [] |
In besieging Bayonne, Alfonso the Battler was perhaps hoping to persuade the Count of Toulouse to switch allegiance to him and aid him in his war in Castile. | {
"json_structures": {
"Assistance": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "aid",
"start": 127,
"end": 130
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Besieging": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "besieging",
"start": 3,
"end": 12
... | [] |
The attacking army was probably already passing through the Pyrenees when, on 4 September 1130, Alfonso visited a chapel in Ardanés, a now depopulated village in the Valle de Hecho. | {
"json_structures": {
"Attack": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "attacking",
"start": 4,
"end": 13
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Motion_directional": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "passing",
"start": 40,
"end": 4... | [] |
The army probably crossed via the pass at Somport in order to enter Gascony through the allied territory of Béarn. | {
"json_structures": {
"Motion_directional": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "crossed",
"start": 18,
"end": 25
},
"arguments": []
}
]
}
} | [] |
The first direct reference to the siege dates from 26 October 1130, when Alfonso issued a "fuero" to the town of Corella from Bayonne, called "the fortress of Bayonne" ("illo castello de Baiona"). | {
"json_structures": {
"Creating": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "issued",
"start": 81,
"end": 87
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Name_conferral": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "called",
"start": 135,
"end": 141
... | [] |
It had begun shortly before 16 October, if both the "Chronica" and the obituary of Burgos Cathedral are accurate. | {
"json_structures": {
"Process_start": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "begun",
"start": 7,
"end": 12
},
"arguments": []
}
]
}
} | [] |
The former records how Pedro González de Lara, after he was captured by Alfonso VII for his part in the rebellion, joined the siege of Bayonne "in order to bring him [Alfonso the Battler] back to Castile" ("ut reducere eum in Castellam") because he wanted "to wage war in Castile" ("facere bellum in Castella"), that is,... | {
"json_structures": {
"Becoming_a_member": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "joined",
"start": 115,
"end": 121
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Conquering": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "captured",
"start": 60,
"end... | [] |
While Pedro's capture occurred in June, his death at the siege did not occur until 16 October, according to the obituary of Burgos, where he is buried. | {
"json_structures": {
"Coming_to_be": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "occurred",
"start": 22,
"end": 30
},
"arguments": []
},
{
"trigger": {
"text": "occur",
"start": 71,
"end": 76
},
"argument... | [] |
According to the "Chronica", "during the time when Alfonso was at war with the rebel nobles ... the King of Aragon had mobilised sizeable armies of knights and infantrymen ... had traveled then beyond his own borders to Gascony [where] he surrounded the city of Bayonne which is located near the Garonne River." | {
"json_structures": {
"Hostile_encounter": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "rebel",
"start": 79,
"end": 84
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Surrounding": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "surrounded",
"start": 239,
"en... | [] |
It subsequently relates how for several days he plundered the countryside around Bayonne before assaulting the city's walls with siege engines brought from Aragon. | {
"json_structures": {
"Attack": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "assaulting",
"start": 96,
"end": 106
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Besieging": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "siege",
"start": 129,
"end": 134
... | [] |
At some point a relief army led by Alfonso Jordan, count of Toulouse, arrived. | {
"json_structures": {
"Arriving": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "arrived",
"start": 70,
"end": 77
},
"arguments": []
}
]
}
} | [] |
Pedro, for reasons unknown, challenged him to a joust. | {
"json_structures": {
"Competition": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "challenged",
"start": 28,
"end": 38
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Protest": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "reasons",
"start": 11,
"end": 18
... | [] |
In the words of the "Chronica": "Count Pedro asked the Count of Toulouse for single combat" ("comes Petrus petiit comiti Tolosano singulare certamen"), "both went out to fight much like two strong lions" ("sicut duo leones fortes"), and "Count Pedro was wounded by Alfonso's lance and, falling from his horse, broke his ... | {
"json_structures": {
"Bodily_harm": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "wounded",
"start": 254,
"end": 261
},
"arguments": []
},
{
"trigger": {
"text": "broke",
"start": 310,
"end": 315
},
"argume... | [] |
Alfonso was apparently unharmed. | {
"json_structures": {}
} | [] |
It is possible that Pedro González was in the company of Alfonso's mother, Elvira of Castile, Countess of Toulouse, when the young future count of Toulouse was brought back to Europe from Outremer. | {
"json_structures": {
"Bringing": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "brought",
"start": 160,
"end": 167
},
"arguments": []
}
]
}
} | [] |
In any case they shared a history going back at least to the disputed succession of Alfonso VII. | {
"json_structures": {
"Communication": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "shared",
"start": 17,
"end": 23
},
"arguments": []
}
],
"Quarreling": [
{
"trigger": {
"text": "disputed",
"start": 61,
"end": 69
... | [] |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
MAVEN (mneb/casie format)
MAVEN (Wang et al., EMNLP 2020) converted into the mneb json_structures event-extraction
format. MAVEN is a massive general-domain event detection dataset — 168 event types over
English Wikipedia documents. It is ED-only (no argument annotation), so each record's output
carries only json_structures; every event's arguments is always []. One record = one
sentence. ALL sentences are kept, including event-less ones (json_structures: {}). Char
offsets are end-exclusive (input[start:end] == text). Event-type strings are kept verbatim
from the raw release.
Splits
Official MAVEN document split:
| Split | Docs | Sentences | Event mentions |
|---|---|---|---|
train |
2,913 | 32,431 | 77,993 |
validation |
710 | 8,042 | 18,904 |
validation is MAVEN's raw valid split, renamed for naming consistency with the other
converted datasets. The official test split is not included: its annotations are withheld
for the CodaLab leaderboard, so it carries no gold event type or mention, only candidate
triggers.
What is dropped from the raw release
- The unlabeled
testsplit. negative_triggersand other candidate lists (explicitly-labeled non-events).- Event coreference: MAVEN groups multiple mentions under one event instance. The flat per-sentence format used here cannot represent that grouping, so mentions become independent trigger entries — mention counts are preserved exactly (nothing deduplicated or merged).
- Numeric
type_ids, mention/event ids, and the raw per-sentence token lists.
Token -> char note
MAVEN's raw trigger spans are token indices into per-sentence token lists that are lossy
(lowercased, rare words replaced by the literal string unk, PTB escapes for brackets/quotes).
Triggers were re-anchored to the raw sentence text via greedy earliest-match case-insensitive
alignment, trying PTB-variant candidates alongside the raw token, plus a neighbor-window
fallback search for unk-substituted tokens. This recovered 100% of mentions: 0 drops, 0
offset failures across both splits. The emitted trigger text is always the authoritative
sentence slice (input[start:end]); it differs from the raw trigger_word in 795 (train) + 200
(validation) cases, all case-only.
Provenance & license
Source: THU-KEG/MAVEN-dataset (data distributed via Google Drive / Tsinghua Cloud), MIT license. Document text is drawn from English Wikipedia (CC BY-SA). The event schema is derived from FrameNet. Annotations are crowd-sourced.
See maven_label_summary.md for the full 168-type inventory and per-split counts, and
maven_vis.html for a sampled visualiser (stratified sample, ≤20 records/type per split + 10
empty records per split).
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