DigitalNomadPolicy

A Global Benchmark Dataset of Digital-Nomad Policy Adoption, Tourism Flows, and Labor-Market Indicators for Cross-Country Mobility Research

License: CC BY 4.0
Format: Excel (.xlsx) + Croissant Metadata

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Overview

DigitalNomadPolicy is a benchmark dataset for trustworthy AI-assisted policy research. It combines a global macroeconomic panel with a human-verified dataset of digital nomad visa programmes, enabling researchers to evaluate both policy outcomes and the reliability of AI-generated policy extraction.

The dataset links approximately 190 countries of annual macroeconomic and tourism indicators with a human-verified benchmark of 32 digital nomad visa programmes. Every policy record has been independently verified against official government websites, legislation, or primary administrative sources.

Unlike existing policy datasets that rely exclusively on automated extraction or manual summaries, DigitalNomadPolicy includes an accompanying policy validation dataset documenting the verification process, coding decisions, and agreement between LLM-generated policy attributes and human validation.

The benchmark supports research in:

• Trustworthy AI
• Human-in-the-loop verification
• Computational social science
• Policy analytics
• Digital nomad visa research
• Reproducible empirical economics

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What's Included

The repository contains two complementary resources.

1. Global Macroeconomic Panel

A harmonized annual panel covering approximately 190 countries.

Variables include:

• GDP per capita
• Inflation
• Exchange rate
• Unemployment
• Internet usage
• Price level index
• International tourist arrivals
• Tourism expenditures
• Tourism contribution to GDP
• Tourism employment

The macroeconomic indicators are primarily compiled from:

• World Bank Open Data
• UN Tourism (UNWTO)

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2. Human-Verified Policy Benchmark

A cross-sectional benchmark covering 32 verified digital nomad visa programmes.

Each policy record includes standardized variables describing:

• Visa adoption year
• Minimum monthly income requirement
• Visa duration
• Government application fee
• Tax treatment
• Official policy references

All policy records have been independently verified using primary legal or government sources.

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3. Policy Validation Dataset

The accompanying validation dataset documents the complete human verification workflow.

For every jurisdiction, the validation files include:

• Original LLM-extracted values
• Human-verified values
• Verification status
• Supporting official sources
• Notes on discrepancies
• Coding decisions

This enables researchers to evaluate the reliability of AI-assisted policy extraction and reproduce the validation process.

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Dataset Structure

DigitalNomadDataset.xlsx

├── tourism_and_macroeconomic_data
│
├── policy_data
│
├── policy_validation
│
└── documentation

All tables use ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 (iso3) country identifiers.

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Data Coverage

Component	Coverage
Countries (macroeconomic panel)	~190
Verified digital nomad programmes	32
Time coverage	2008–2024
Observation unit	Country-year (macroeconomic panel)
Policy unit	Country

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Data Sources

Macroeconomic indicators are compiled from:

• World Bank Open Data
• United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)

Policy information is verified using:

• Government immigration portals
• Official legislation
• Ministry publications
• Official visa documentation

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Suggested Research Applications

The benchmark is intended for research on:

• AI-assisted policy extraction
• Human verification of LLM-generated structured data
• Trustworthy AI evaluation
• Digital government
• Cross-country policy comparison
• International mobility
• Tourism economics
• Panel data analysis
• Causal inference

Potential empirical applications include:

• Difference-in-Differences
• Fixed-effects panel models
• Machine learning for policy evaluation
• Benchmarking information extraction systems
• Policy diffusion studies

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Data Quality

The benchmark prioritizes transparency over aggressive data cleaning.

Policy data

Every verified policy record has been independently checked against official sources.

The validation dataset preserves:

• original LLM outputs,
• corrected values,
• verification notes,
• and supporting references.

Macroeconomic data

Missing values are retained as reported by the original statistical agencies.

Most missing observations occur in tourism-related variables because reporting practices differ substantially across countries.

Users are encouraged to apply appropriate missing-data methods depending on their analytical objectives.

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Responsible Use

DigitalNomadPolicy is intended for research, benchmarking, and reproducible scientific analysis.

Users should note that:

• policy variables represent standardized interpretations of official legal documents;
• legal frameworks may change after publication;
• governments occasionally update programme requirements without announcing major revisions;
• the benchmark reflects the verification status at the time of release.

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Croissant Metadata

The repository includes machine-readable Croissant metadata describing:

• dataset structure,
• variable definitions,
• provenance,
• intended uses,
• known limitations,
• and Responsible AI documentation.

This enables compatibility with Google Dataset Search, Hugging Face, and MLCommons tooling.

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License

This dataset is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.

You are free to share, adapt, and redistribute the dataset provided appropriate attribution is given.